Bad dates: Episode 6 - Valentine's day

Grammar Unit Will/Won't

WILL/WON´T

• We use will(´ll) and won´t to make predictions about the future.

          When I´m older, I´ll live in France.

           I won´t live in England.

           I´m sure you´ll pass the test tomorrow.

          The questions won´t be very difficult.

• Will is a modal. We use will/won´t + base form of the verb, and the form is the same for all subjects. We don´t use any form of do in the negative.

          You´ll pass the test .
          You won´t pass the test.

          Most students will pass the test.

          Most students won´t pass the test.

• Questions are formed with will + subject + base form of the verb. Again, we don´t use any form of do in questions or short answers.

          Will Sonia go to university? Yes, she will/No, she won´t.

          Will your brothers come to the party? Yes, they will/No, they won´t.

English spelling rules

Rule #1: CVC rule.

[CVC = Consonant-Vowel-Consonant]

The vowel is short! (99% true) [in CVCC the vowel is also short] (99% true)

Examples: rat, hen, sit, not, cut

Rule #2: CVC + silent “e” rule

[Mr. Silent "e" says, "Change your sound!"]

The vowel is long! (99% true)

Example: rate, here, site, note, cute

Rule #3: hard “c” / soft “c” rule

a) Hard "C" : When c+a OR c+o OR c+u exists, then "c" has the /k/ sound.

(It doesn't matter if the vowel is short or long).

Examples: The con man can put a cane into a cone and a cub into a cube.

b) Soft "C" : When c+e OR c+i OR c+y exists, then "c" has the /s/ sound.

(It doesn't matter if the vowel is short or long).

Examples: The city center has a circle.

More Ex.): I will recite the cyclical cycles of circular cells.

Rule #4: “k” instead of “c” rule

K instead of "C" : Why? Because "c" changes it's sound when followed by e, i, and y, we needed a new letter in English.

When we need a hard "c" sound + e,i,y, then we have to use "k". It doesn't matter if the vowel is short or long.

Examples: Kelly keeps kissing the kite, while Kym keeps kissing Kyle.

More Ex.): Kyle the king is kind, even though he is only a kid.

What about K + a, o, u?!!!

Words that have k + a,o,u are "loan words" from other languages.

Examples: kangaroo (Aus.Aboriginal word), Korea (Korean word), kung fu (Chinese word)

Rule #5: hard “g” / soft “g” rule

a) Hard "G" : When g+a OR g+o OR g+u exists, then "g" has the /g/ sound.

(It doesn't matter if the vowel is short or long).

Examples: The bad guy got a gun and put a gag on the gal.

More Ex.): The good guy gave the bad guy a gallon of gas in his galoshes.

b) Soft "G" : When g+e OR g+i OR g+y exists, then "g" has the /j/ sound.

(It doesn't matter if the vowel is short or long).

Examples: The gentle gypsy put gel in her hair, then gyrated her hips.

More Ex.): I like ginseng and ginger.

Exceptions: give, gill, get, geyser, girl

Why? Because "C" has a friend named, "K", but "G" has nobody, nobody, but you!

Ha, ha, ha; I crack myself up!

Rule #6: double consonant rule

Explanation: There's a SHORT VOWEL before a double consonant. (99% TRUE!!!)

NOTE: there are many exceptions to this rule.

SOME EXCEPTIONS: caller, stalling, falling, etc.

ALSO: Occasionally, there may be a single consonant after a short vowel sound. It drives me crazy.

SOME EXAMPLES: elephant,

Rule #7: CV rule

Explanation: If the word ends in a vowel, it is usually long.

Examples: he, me, we, hi, go, no, so, flu, Katmandu, and Timbuktu.

Some super weird exceptions: to, do, ma, pa, ska, bla, bla, bla

Rule #8: final “a” = schwa sound ( )

Examples:

Linda

pizza

Zebra

Korea

India

America

Rule #9: Change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'/'er'/'est'

Explanation: If there is a vowel before the 'y', as in 'day', just add 's' (days).

Examples: day-days, play-plays, way-ways, toy-toys, boy-boys

Explanation: If there is a consonant before the 'y', as in 'try', change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'.

Examples: try-tries, cry-cries, dry-dries, fly-flies, sky-skies, countrycountries

Explanation: Change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'er' or 'est'

Examples: happy-happier-happiest; funny-funnier-funniest; pretty-prettierprettiest; dirty-dirtier-dirtiest

Rule #10: Change the 'f' to 'v' and add 'es'

Explanation: If there is an 'f' at the end of a word, we make it plural by changing the 'f' to 'v' and add 'es'.

Examples: calf-calves, half-halves, wolf-wolves, wife-wives, knife-knives

Rule #11: Change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ed' or 'ing'

Explanation: If there is a vowel before the 'y', just add 'ed' or 'ing'.

Examples: play-played-playing, destroy-destroyed-destroying

Explanation: If there isn't a vowel before the 'y', change the 'y' to 'i' & add 'ed' (but not for 'ing').

Examples: dry-dried-drying, cry-cried-crying, try-tried-trying

Exceptions: fly-flew-flying

Rule #12: Change the 'ie' to 'y' when adding 'ing'

Explanation: If the verb ends in 'ie', change the 'ie' to 'y' when adding 'ing'.

Examples: die-died-dying, lie-lied-lying (if 'lie' = to tell a falsehood)

Exceptions: lie-lay-lain (to put one's self in horizontal position on the floor or ground)

Pronunciation of Consonants

Part 2: Digraphs (Ch & Th)

The symbols that we use for English today are from the Roman language. Yet English contains words from Old English, Middle English, German, Latin, Greek, Arabic, Italian, and French. This makes English pronunciation quite complicated. Of course, all of Europe uses Roman symbols, but the Romanization of each language is quite different from one country to another. Sometimes digraphs were invented to represent consonant sounds, which don’t exist in Latin. For example, Latin doesn’t have the / / sound. In English, we represent this sound with the digraph “Sh.” In French, the same sound is represented with the digraph “Ch.” Sometimes digraphs were invented to distinguish the origin of the word. For example, the Greek letter /x/ (spelled: ‘chi’, pronounced, /kai/) is transliterated as the digraph “Ch,” but it sounds like /k/. Why did they do this? I don’t know. It really makes things confusing. So in English, the digraph “Ch” has three sounds, depending on the origin of the word. See table below.

1. “Ch” Rule(s)

Original English words, which begin with "ch" are pronounced like " "

Greek-English words, which begin with "ch" are pronounced like a "k".

French-English words, which begin with "ch" are pronounced like " "

Examples:

NOTE: there are some exceptions, like the English word "channel" is from French, but it has the pure-English pronunciation.

2. “Th” Rule(s)

There are TWO "th" sounds: / / & / /.

Notice that the latter symbol looks much like a "d". That's because it sounds much like a "d", and many non-native English speakers (or Pidgin/Creole speakers), will substitute the "d" sound for the sound. The former symbol looks unlike any other alphabetical letter in English (or Roman), and that's because it is unlike any other sound in English (or Roman). Since the symbol is a Greek symbol, many words with that sound are from Greek (but not all).

Look at the diagrams (below) of the articulations of , , and d...

In the first diagram, we see that the tongue is clenched tightly between the teeth, blocking all air from going in or out. Then, the tongue is drawn in very quickly, and by the laws of physics, air must go out, but also combined the intercostal muscles in the chest contracting, a very strong, almost plosive wind comes out of the mouth. (some say it is a fricative, but I firmly believe it to be a plosive).

In the second diagram, the tongue is pressed up against the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge. Like the , the initial articulation blocks the would-be hole between the open teeth, not allowing any air to go in or out. BUT, unlike the , the movement forces the tongue out of the mouth between the teeth (slowly), and then slowly the tongue goes back in and down. Because of the slow movement of the tongue, it is labeled a fricative.

In the third diagram, we see that the "d" movement is almost identical to the movement, except that the tongue doesn't actually leave the mouth.
The initial articulations are different as well, but not far apart, which would account for the similarity in sound.

In fact, many native speakers will use the "d" sound in place of the sound, when trying to be funny.

Example: "De Bears!" (Chicago Bears are a football team, and Chicagoans will often call them "de Bears!").

Also, many non-native English speaker, which speak a Creole of English, like in Jamaica, will use the "d" sound in place of the ; AND, they will use the "t" sound in place of the sound. This works well, because both "d" and are fricatives, and both "t" and are plosives.

Pronunciation of Vowel Teams

Part 3: Vowel Teams (or Vowel Strings) with more than 1 sound

'ea' (short e sound); bread, breath, dead, death, head, lead, read, wealth,

'ea' (long e sound); bead, beat, breathe, eat, feat, heat, lead, leak, meat, neat, read, treat, weak, wheat

'ea' (long a sound); break, great, steak

'ew' ( /u:/ ); dew, blew, chew, crew, flew, grew, knew, lewd, mew, stew,

'ew' ( /ju:/ ); few, new, pew

'oo' (short sound / /); book, foot, good, hood, hook, look, nook, rook, soot, took, wood,

'oo' ( /u:/ ); balloon, boot, cartoon, goose, loose, moose, loop, loot, moon, noon, poop, root, stoop, toon, toot,

'oo' (schwa sound / /); blood, flood

'oo' (long o sound); boor, floor, door, moor

'ou' ('au' "short" sound); bough, grouse, house, louse, mouse, plough

'ou' ('ou' "long" sound); though

'ou' (schwa sound / /); enough, rough, tough

'ow' ('au' "short" sound); brown, cow, how, now, wow

'ow' ('ou' "long" sound); blow, flow, grow, know, low, sow, tow,

Relationships and relations

The origins of Valentine's day

One story of the origins of Valentine’s Day comes from the time of the Roman Empire, under the rule of Emperor Claudius the Second. Rome was involved in many bloody and unpopular military campaigns. Claudius the Cruel, as he was known at the time, was having a difficult time getting soldiers to join his military leagues. He believed that roman men did not want to leave their lovers or families. As a result, he cancelled all marriages and engagements in Rome.

During this time a Christian priest named Valentine came to defend love in the empire. Valentine began to secretly marry couples despite the emperors orders. When Emperor Claudius was  informed of these ceremonies, Valentine was sent to prison where he remained until his death on February 14 in the year 270.

The festival is like Christmas a combination of both pagan ritual and a Christian tradition. Another, more gruesome, story of its origins is that St. Valentine helped Christians flee the city of Rome during the persecutions, he was tortured to make him renounce his faith and clubbed to death, then beheaded (which seems a bit of overkill) on February 14 AD 273.

It is also linked to the pagan festival of Lupercalia, which was celebrated on February 15 by young Romans centuries before Christ. The celebration was held in honour of the goddess Februata Juno, and concerned all young people of marriageable age. The names or tokens representing all the young girls in the district were placed in a love um and the young lads each drew a token and the couples paired off. This was a kind of mating lottery game. During the Roman occupation of Britain, the idea was brought to this country and adopted by the ancient Britons. When people were converted to Christianity the pagan and Christian festivals were merged; the festival of Lupercalia was put back a day and celebrated on St. Valentine’s day, February 14. The old pagan customs still continued and in Britain up to the beginning of the present century it was customary for local lads and lasses to draw lots for partners. In Lancashire, on St. Valentine’s eve, the names of eligible young people were written on separate slips of paper and divided into two groups, male and female. The boys drew a slip from the girls’ pile and vice versa. Thus each person received two sweethearts and then had been made the boys treated their maidens to all sorts of outings and surprises including dances and gifts.

Cards and gifts

In Saxon England and after, on St. Valentine’s day it was customary for a boy to give the girl of his choice a love token, usually a pair of gloves. The glove was a sign of authority in olden times. In Norwich, years ago, it was the general custom to give presents on St. Valentine’s eve and packages containing all kinds of gifts were laid on doorsteps all over the city. They were anonymous and usually just bore the message “a Good-morrow to you Valentine”. It was normal practice to ring or knock on the door after depositing the package and then disappear. Some parcels contained valuable presents while others were given as a kind of joke, being wrapped in many layers of paper punctuated at intervals by little notes of encouragement such as “Never despair”.

It was not until the 15^thC that the first greeting card was produced because, until that time, parchment was scarce and the majority of people were illiterate. The forerunner of the paper Valentine was first seen in the 17^thC and the first printed Valentine may have been the title page of a book of verses published in 1669 entitled A Valentine Writer. With the introduction of the penny postage and the use of envelopes in 1840 the popularity of the Valentine card increased. The Valentine card took on a much more delicate form in Victorian times. It was often mad out of lace paper, velvet and satin ribbons, embossed with the best quality material. These cards often had trick or secret panels in them, hiding secret messages to the girls concerned. Messages were also often hidden under folds of lace or ribbons. This was because Victorian fathers were very strict and would not allow their daughters to receive any sort of correspondence unless they had first read it and decided whether or not it was suitable. Later the traditional card printed its love messages in the form of a verse similar to those repeated by people centuries before.

In 1872 the Post Office declared that parcels not exceeding 12 ounces in weight could be sent by letter post. This news meant that in Norwich alone two days before St. Valentine’s eve 150,000 letters containing small gifts were sent through the post. From that time, the custom of leaving presents on doorsteps decreased in importance. However, giving Valentine presents in Norwich continued through the purchase of gits for the office, domestic and personal use. Local papers advertised wall placards advertised and the town criers, too, advertised by ringing bells and shouting the advantages of buying gifts at certain local stores. The presents sent in a secret manner included oranges, work boxes, squeaking dolls, silver pencils and holders, books and various trinkets. In other parts of Britain, presents were also distributed: in Peterborough, sweet plum buns called Valentine Buns were made and eaten< in Uppingham, gingerbread was given to lovers; in Rutland, buns shaped like a weaver’s shuttle and called a Plum Shuttles’ were made and are still being made for children on this day. Weaving and lace-making were cottage industries in that area. The aristocracy, in the 17^thC, often drew names for Valentines and the pairing lasted until the next Valentine day. Gifts were expected by the ladies and often expensive gifts such as silk stockings, garters, jewellery and perfume were given.

The censorship of strict Victorian fathers and the element of mystery and surprise experienced by those who in former times played the lottery pairing game has undoubtedly contributed to the reason why Valentine cards are, by tradition, anonymous. The custom of sending Valentine cards almost came to an end in the early part of the present century. However, in the thirties it was revived and has now been highly commercialised. The early hand engraved and painted Valentine cards are collector’s items and are often displayed in libraries and museums during the season of Valentine’s Day.

Gifts have always been a traditional aspect of the lovers’ holiday. As a tradition in Wales, wooden love spoons are carved and given as gifts. Hearts, keys and keyholes are favourite decorations on the spoons, meaning “You unlock my heart”.

Today Valentine’s cards are sent anonymously by a secret admirer, a common practice is to put a personal message in the local or national newspapers.

Flowers are the most common gift given, a dozen red roses or (more romantically and cheaper) just one red rose. Allegedly it was Charles II of Sweden, in the 18^th century, who introduced the idea of flowers symbolizing emotions, and the red rose was singled out for love. The number of roses has significance too:

1 rose = love

12 (a dozen) = gratitude

25 = congrulations

50 = unconditional love

Today, red roses stand for passionate love, pink roses for friendship, white for purity, and both red and white mean unity, or if you are a certain nurse in Shropshire “blood and bandages”. Oh and make sure your red rose is a nice bright red, dark red roses are a symbol of death.

It is just as common for a woman to send a man a message of undying love, especially during a leap year, and on Valentine’s Day in a leap year it is the custom for women to ask their boyfriend or partner to marry them! So watch out!

Supertitions

Several Valentine’s Day superstitions have even made their way into our modern-day vocabularies. For example, in the Middle Ages, young men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. The would wear these names on their sleeves for one week, and “to wear your heart on your sleeve” now means that it is easy for other people to know how you are feeling.

Bad dates: Episode 5 - Drunk date

Grammar Unit Present continuous for future arrangements

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS

• We can use the present continuous to talk about things that are planned or arranged for the future. We don´t use the present simple or will/won´t for future arrangements.

          I´m travelling to Italy next week

          We´re having a party on Saturday

          Alan is meeting Judy at the airport tomorrow morning

• Future time expressions are often used with the present continuous for arrangements.

          Tomorrow, tomorrow night,next week,next Sunday evening

          The day after tomorrow,the week after next,in three hours´time

Bad dates: Episode 4 - Flirty date