Linking
words for contrast
Although, even though, while and whereas
- Although,
even though, while and whereas are used to put two contrasting ideas in
one sentence: I didn’t buy the car although I thought it was beautiful.
- They
can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle, between
the two contrasting ideas: It was late. She decided to phone him. →
Although it was late, she decided to phone him. OR She decided to phone
him although it was late.
- When
the sentence begins with although, even though, while or whereas, we
separate the two parts with a comma. When these words are placed in the
middle, no comma is used: Berlin is a noisy city. My home village is quite
peaceful. → While Berlin is a noisy city, my home village is quite
peaceful. OR Berlin is a noisy city whereas my home village is quite
peaceful.
- Even
though is stronger than although: I didn’t buy the car even though I had
me money ready in my pocket.
- However
normally starts a new sentence and refers to the sentence before.
- It
is usually followed by a comma: He decided to go out to the cinema.
However, he didn’t tell his family where he was going.
Despite
and in spite of
- Despite
and in spite of mean without taking any notice of or being influenced by;
not prevented by: He got into the army despite being quite short. She went
swimming in spite of the cold weather.
- They
can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle. They are
followed by a noun or a verb + -ing.
- When
used at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is also used to separate the
two parts of the sentence: Despite working all day, Teresa didn’t feel at
all tired. We go to school on time in spite of the heavy traffic.
But
- But
can be used to join two sentences. In this case it is used in the middle
of the sentence and it usually follows a comma: We warned her, but she
didn’t pay any attention.
- It
can sometimes be used at the beginning of a new sentence: He likes
romantic films. But don’t tell anybody!
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